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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skauniz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skauniz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kewh₁-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skauniz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skauniz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skauniz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑu̯.niz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᚢᚾᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>beautiful, shining</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *skowh₁nis, a verbal adjective originally meaning "watchable", derived from a lost strong verb *skawaną, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewh1">*(s)kewh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to perceive, pay attention’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>skauniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunį, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>skaunijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>skaunijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunį, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>skaunijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>skaunijas, skaunīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunijas, skaunīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>skaunijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>skaunijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>skaunijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>skaunijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>skaunijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>skaunijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>scōni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schône</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>sjoen, sjoean, sjuun, sjun</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>scōni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schône</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schoon</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skoon</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>skoan</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċīene, sċēne, sċēone, sċīone, sċīne, sċȳne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schene, schen, schone, shone</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sheen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schene, scheine</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skēne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>schien</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skeen</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skjin</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>scōni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schœne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>schee</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>schee</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>schéin</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שיין (sheyn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>scōni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schœne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>schün</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>scheen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>scōni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schœne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schön</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                          <orth>schön, schien</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Japanese</lang>
                          <orth>シャン (shan)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skōni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schö̂ne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>skøn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>skjønn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>skjønn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skōni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schö̂ne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schöön</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                          <orth>scheen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaunī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skōni</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schö̂ne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>skön</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>skön</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (skauns)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaunis</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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