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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skawwōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skawwōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_cavere" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>cavēre</orth>
          <def>to beware, heed</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kewh₁-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skawwona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skawwōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skawwōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑw.wɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᚹᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to look, see, watch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewh1">*(s)kewh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to heed, look, feel, take note of’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_cavere"><ref target="#cog_lat_cavere">cavēre</ref></mentioned> (‘to beware, heed’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skawwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skawwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skawwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skawwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skawwōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skawwōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skawwōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skawwōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skawwōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skawwōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skawwōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skawwōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skawwōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skawwōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skawwōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skawwōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skawwōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skawwōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skauwōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skouwon, scouwon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schouwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skauwōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċēawian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schawen, schewen, schowen, scheawing, scewing</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>show</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>shaw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skauwōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċēawian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>sċēawung</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>schawung, shawing, schewinge, schewynge</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>showing</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>shawing, showing</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skauwōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċēawian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>sċēawung</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>escauvinghe, escauwage, scawageour</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle English</lang>
                          <orth>scavage, schevage, schewage, scavager</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>scavage, scavenger</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Scots</lang>
                            <orth>scavanger, scawanger</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skauwōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skāwia, skōwia, skōia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skauje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skôgje, skoaie, skouje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skauwōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skouwōn, scouwōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schauen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skauwōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skouwōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schauen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>schauen, schoen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German Low German</lang>
                            <orth>wohrschoen</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skygna</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>kava</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>kaava</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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