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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skaþô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skaþô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_askethes" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀσκηθής</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>askēthḗs</orth>
          </form>
          <def>intact, safe, sound, without damage</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_scith" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>scíth</orth>
          <def>weary, tired</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skatho" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaþô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skaþô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskɑ.θɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚨᚦᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>damage, scathe</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>one who causes damage; injurer</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁tH- (‘to damage, harm’), and cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_askethes"><ref target="#cog_grc_askethes">ἀσκηθής</ref></mentioned>, Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_scith"><ref target="#cog_sga_scith">scíth</ref></mentioned>, as well as perhaps Old Armenian ցաւ (cʻaw, ‘pain, suffering’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skaþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skaþaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skaþanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skaþanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skaþiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skaþanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skaþini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skaþammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skaþinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skaþammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skaþô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skaþaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>scatho</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schāde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>sjaaj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>scatho</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schāde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schade</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skade</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>scaþa, sċeaþa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>scaþe, scathe, schaþe, schathe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shathe, shade</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skatha, sketha</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Skoade</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skea</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skado, scado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Czech</lang>
                      <orth>škoda</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                      <orth>škȍda, шко̏да</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skado, scado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schāde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Schade</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Schaden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Schaade</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Schued</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שאָד (shod)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skado, scado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                      <orth>szkoda</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>szkoda</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skado, scado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                      <orth>szkoda</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old East Slavic</lang>
                        <orth>шкода (škoda)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Belarusian</lang>
                          <orth>шко́да (škóda)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>шко́да (škóda)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                          <orth>шко́да (škóda)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skado, scado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Slovak</lang>
                      <orth>škoda, *čkoda</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pannonian Rusyn</lang>
                        <orth>чкода (čkoda)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Slovak</lang>
                        <orth>škoda</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skaþō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skatho, scatho</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schāde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Schaad, Schood, Schåd, Schoad, Schaod, Schade, Schaden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skaði</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skaði</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>scathe, skathe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>scath, scathe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>scath, scaith, skaith, schath, schaith</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>skade</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>skade</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skathi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>skade</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skaþi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skada, skade</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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