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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skelduz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skelduz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_skiltis" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>ski̇̀ltis</orth>
          <def>slice</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kelh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kelH-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skelduz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skelduz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skelduz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskel.duz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᛖᛚᛞᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>shield</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic *skelH-tús, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kelh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kelh">*(s)kelH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to split’). Compare Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_skiltis"><ref target="#cog_lit_skiltis">ski̇̀ltis</ref></mentioned> (‘slice’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skelduz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skildiwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skeldų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skeldunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skeldauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skildiwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skildiwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skeldumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skeldū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skeldumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skeldu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skildiwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeldu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skilt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schilt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>sjèldj, sjildj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeldu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skilt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schilt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schild</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skild</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeldu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċield, sċeld, sċild, sċyld</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>scheld, schild, sheld, shild, shelde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shield</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>scheld, scheild</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeldu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skeld, skild, schild</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skilt</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Skild, Schild</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skyld</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeldu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skild, skilt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schilt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Schüd, Schuid, Schüld</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Schëld</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שילד (shild)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeldu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skild, skilt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schilt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Schild</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>ŝildo</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Ido</lang>
                            <orth>shildo</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeldu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skild, skeld</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schilt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Schilt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeldu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skild, skeld</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schilt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Schild</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjǫldr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>stjöld</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skjøldur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>skiåld</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skjöldur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>skjold, skjøld</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjǫldr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skiold</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>skjold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>skjold</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjǫldr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skiolder, skiølder</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sköld</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌿𐍃 (skildus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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