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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skellaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skellaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kelh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kelh₁-</orth>
          <def>to call, make noise</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_skals" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>skaļš</orth>
          <def>loud; noisy</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kel" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kel-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skellana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skellaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skellaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskel.lɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᛖᛚᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sound, clatter, ring</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kel"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kel">*(s)kel-</ref></mentioned>, probably from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kelh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kelh1">*kelh₁-</ref></mentioned> (‘to call, to shout, to sound’) with a s-mobile.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Cognate with Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_skals"><ref target="#cog_lav_skals">skaļš</ref></mentioned> (‘loud; noisy’) and Russian скули́ть (skulítʹ, ‘to whine’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skellō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skellaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skellai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skillizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skellaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skell</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skellazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skellaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skillidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skellai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skelladau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skelladai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skellaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skellōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skellaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skelladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skellaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skelladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skellamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skellaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skellandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skellaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skillid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skellaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skillid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skellandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skellaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skellandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skellain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skellandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skellandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skellaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skall</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skullį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skallt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skullīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skall</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skullī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skullū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skullīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skulludiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skullīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skullum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skullīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skullud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skullīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skullun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skullīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skellandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skullanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skellaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>scellan, scillan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skellan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schellen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schellen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skellan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schellen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schellen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skellan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skellan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schellen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjalla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skella</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjalla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>skjelle</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>skjella, skjelle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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