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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skeraną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skeraną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_ker" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)ker-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skerana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skeraną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skeraną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈske.rɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᛖᚱᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to shear</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ker"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ker">*(s)ker-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut’) (though Kroonen reconstructs the verb as *skerH-, which appears to be an extension).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skerō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skeraų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skerai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skirizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skeraiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sker</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skerazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skeraizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skiridi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skerai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skeradau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skeradai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skeraidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skerōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skeraiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skeradiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skeraidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skeradiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skeramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skeraim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skerandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skeraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skirid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skeraid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skirid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skerandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skeraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skerandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skerain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skerandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skerandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skeraindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skērį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skart</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skērīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skērī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skērū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skērīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skērudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skērīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skērum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skērīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skērud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skērīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skērun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skērīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skerandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skuranaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skeraną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skeran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schēren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>sjaere</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skeran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schēren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>scheren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skeer</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Aukan</lang>
                          <orth>sikeli</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>skeri</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>skeer</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>skler, scar</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>skeare</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skeran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schēren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>scheren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>sker</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>skeer</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċieran, sċeran, sċeoran, sċiran, sċyran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>scheren, schæren, schere, scheryn, shere, sheren, ssere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shear</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>shear</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>shaure</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>escirer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>descirer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>deschirer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>déchirer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skera</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>schääre, skääre</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skarre</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skeran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schërn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>scheren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>scheere</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>schieren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שערן (shern)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skeran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>giskirri</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>geschirre</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                          <orth>Geschirr</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Geschirr</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skeran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>giskirri</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>geschirre</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>szory</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Russian</lang>
                            <orth>шоры (šory)</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeran</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skeran, sceran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>scheren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>scheren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skera</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skera</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skera</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>skjera</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skera</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skære</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>skjære</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skera</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skæra, skiæra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skära</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*skairan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Occitan</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Catalan</lang>
                      <orth>esquilar</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>esquilar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*skairan)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>esquirar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Spanish</lang>
                      <orth>esquilar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Galician</lang>
                        <orth>esquiloar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                        <orth>esquiar, esquilar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kerit'äk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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