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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skertaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skertaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kradao" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κραδάω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kradáō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to swing, shake</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_kurdati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>कूर्दति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kūrdati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to spring</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_ker" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)ker-</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kerd" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kerd-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skertana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skertaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skertaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsker.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᛖᚱᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to cut off</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to leap, jump, spring</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to jest, joke</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Perhaps originally **skerdaną, from Proto-Indo-European *skerdʰ-, whence also Proto-Germanic *skardaz (‘cut-up, damaged’), with the root-final consonant influenced by the iterative counterpart *skurt(t)ōną. Perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ker"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_ker">*(s)ker-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut off’); see the derivative *skurtaz (‘short’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kerd"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kerd">*(s)kerd-</ref></mentioned> (‘to move, sway, swing’), and related to Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_kurdati"><ref target="#cog_san_kurdati">कूर्दति</ref></mentioned> (kūrdati, ‘to spring’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kradao"><ref target="#cog_grc_kradao">κραδάω</ref></mentioned> (kradáō, ‘to swing’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skertō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skertaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skertai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skirtizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skertaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skert</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skertazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skertaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skirtidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skertai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skertadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skertadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skertaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skertōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skertaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skertadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skertaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skertadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skertamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skertaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skertandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skertaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skirtid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skertaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skirtid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skertandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skertaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skertandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skertain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skertandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skertandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skertaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skart</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skurtį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skarst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skurtīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skart</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skurtī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skurtū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skurtīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skurtudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skurtīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skurtum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skurtīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skurtud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skurtīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skurtun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skurtīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skertandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skurtanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skertaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>scharten</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*skërzan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>schërzen</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*sċiertan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>schurten, schurtten</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>*sċyrtan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>schurten, schurtten</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*skërzan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Italian</lang>
                    <orth>scherzare</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*skërzan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>schërzen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                      <orth>schèrtzan</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>scherzen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
