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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skeuhaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skeuhaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skeuhaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skeuhaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skeuhaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskeu̯.xɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᛖᚢᚺᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>frightened</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>shy; timid; bashful; coy; reserved; cautious</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>abominable; odious; loathsome; vile</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Further origin unknown; assumed to be from pre-Germanic *skéwkos. Possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *skewbʰ-, *skūbʰ- (‘to push, drive, move forward’) (for which see Proto-Germanic *skeubaną (‘to push, drive’) for cognates) or *(s)kewH- (‘to cover, hide’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">For semantic development compare Russian засте́нчивый (zasténčivyj) connected with стена́ (stená) or with стень (stenʹ).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>skeuhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>skeuhammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>skeuhōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>skeuhammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeuh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>scheu</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeuh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċēoh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sceouh, skey, schey</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shy</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>skeich, skiech, skick</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeuh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>eschif, eschiu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>schifo</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>escheu, eschew</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeuh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skiāch, *skiā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skjou</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skou</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeuh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*skioh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schiech, schiehe, schie</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>schiach</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>scheu, schiech, schiach, schirch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*skyggr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skygg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skygg</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*skugjaz</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skygg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skygg</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍃 (*skiuhs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Catalan</lang>
                    <orth>esquiu</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌿𐌷𐍃 (*skiuhs)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Galician-Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>esquivo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Galician</lang>
                      <orth>esquivo, esquío</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                      <orth>esquivo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*keühä</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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