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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skeutaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skeutaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sket" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sket-</orth>
          <def>to drive forward</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_scato" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>scatō</orth>
          <def>to gush forth, swarm</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_skasti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>skàsti</orth>
          <def>to jump, hop</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewd" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kewd-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skeutana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skeutaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skeutaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskeu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᛖᚢᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to shoot (especially of an arrow), dash</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewd"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewd">*(s)kewd-</ref></mentioned> (‘to advance, propel’), and compared with Albanian hedh (‘to throw’). However, Kroonen prefers to take the word as a back-formation from the iterative verb *skuttōną (‘to shoot’) (whence Old Norse skotra (‘to shove, push’), Icelandic skota (‘idem’)), which he derives from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sket"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sket">*sket-</ref></mentioned> (‘to drive forward’), and connects with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_skasti"><ref target="#cog_lit_skasti">skàsti</ref></mentioned> (‘to jump, hop’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_scato"><ref target="#cog_lat_scato">scatō</ref></mentioned> (‘to gush forth, swarm’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skeutō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skeutaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skeutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skiutizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skeutaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skeut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skeutazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skeutaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skiutidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skeutai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skeutadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skeutadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skeutaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skeutōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skeutaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skeutadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skeutaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skeutadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skeutamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skeutaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skeutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skeutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skiutid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skeutaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skiutid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skeutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skeutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skeutandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skeutain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skeutandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skeutandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skeutaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skutį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skaust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skutīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skutī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skutū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skutīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skutudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skutīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skutum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skutīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skutud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skutīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skutun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skutīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skeutandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skutanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skeutaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skietan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schieten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>sjete</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skietan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schieten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schieten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skiet</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>skiti</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>sekip</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>sxjite</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>skud, skit, skiet</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>skit</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċēotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>shoten, shuten, sheten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shoot, skeet</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schute, schuit, schote, schoot, schete</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skiata</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sjitte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skioȥan, scioȥan, skioȥȥan, scioȥȥan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schieȥen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>schieße</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>schiaßn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>schieße, scheeße</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schießen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>schiese</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>schéissen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>śisa</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שיסן (shisn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skeutan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skiotan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>scheten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>scheten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>stjuota</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skjóta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skjóta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>skjǿte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>skjota, skyta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skiūtæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>skjúda, skúda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skiūtæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>skyde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>skyte</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>skiauta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>skjaute, skiauta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skjóta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skiūta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skjuta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>schieten</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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