<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skiftijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skiftijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skiftijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skiftijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skiftijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskiɸ.ti.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᛁᚠᛏᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to divide, part, share</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to put in order, organize, arrange</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *skiptijaną, from yet earlier *skipatjaną, from a formation related to *skipōną (‘to arrange’) + *-atjaną (‘verbal suffix’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skiftīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skiftī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skiftīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skiftijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skiftijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skiftijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skiftijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skiftijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skiftijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skiftīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skiftīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skiftijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skiftidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skiftidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skiftidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skiftidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skiftidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skiftidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skiftidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skiftidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skiftidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skiftidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skiftidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skiftidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skiftidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skiftidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skiftidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skiftidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skiftijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skiftidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skiftijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skiftijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skiften</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sciften, scichten, schiften, schiffen, schichten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schiften</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skiftijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċiftan, *sċieftan, sċyftan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schiften</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>schift, shift</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skiftijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċiftan, *sċieftan, sċyftan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schiften</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shift</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Vietnamese</lang>
                          <orth>quần chíp</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skiftijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skifta, skiffa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skiftje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skifte, skiftsje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skiftijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*skiften</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schiften</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skiftijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skiftian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schiften, schichten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schichten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skiftijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skiftian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schiften, schichten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>schihten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>schichten</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                            <orth>schichten</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skipta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skifte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skipta, skifta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skifte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>skift</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skipta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skipta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skifta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
