<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skinō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skinō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_skey" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*skey-</orth>
          <def>to cut, split</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skino" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skinō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skinō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈski.nɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᛁᚾᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>plate; rim</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>piece</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>shinbone</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly an n-stem derivative from either Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_skey"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_skey">*skey-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut, split’) or *(s)ḱeh₃- (‘shadow’), *(s)ḱeh₁y- (‘to shine’); the former hypothesis appears more semantically convincing.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skinō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skinôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skinǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skinōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skinōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skinǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skinōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skinōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skinō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skinōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skinō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skinôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skinu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Lombardic</lang>
                    <orth>*skinko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>stinco</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skinu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*skina</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schene</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>scheen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skeen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skinu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċinu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schyne, schen, schin, schine, schyn, schynne, scine, shine, shyn, shzine</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shin</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>shin, schin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skinu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skine</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Skiene</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skine</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skinu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skina, scina, scena</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schine, schin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Schine</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Schinn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skinu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skina, scina, scena</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schine, schin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Schiene</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hungarian</lang>
                          <orth>sín</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Macedonian</lang>
                          <orth>шина (šina)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>szyna</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Romanian</lang>
                          <orth>șină</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>шина (šina)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skinu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skina</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schēne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>skinne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Scheen, Schien</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>skinne, skina</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>skena</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐌺𐌹𐌽𐌰 (*skina)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*skina</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <orth>Unsorted formations: ?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>eschine, enchine, echine, chine</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>chyne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>chine</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <orth>Unsorted formations: ?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>eschine, enchine, echine, chine</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>eschine</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>échine</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
