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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skrapōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skrapōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skrapona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skrapōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skrapōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskrɑ.pɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚱᚨᛈᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to scrape, scratch</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *skrepaną (‘to scratch, scrape’) + *-ōną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skrapō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skrapǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrapō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrapō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skrapōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skrapōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skrapōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skrapōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skrapōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrapōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skrapōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skrapōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skrapōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skrapōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrapōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skrapōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skrapōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skrapōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Walloon</lang>
                    <orth>crape, screper</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*scrapon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schrāpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schrapen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skraap</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċrapian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>schrapen, scrapen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>scrape</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>scrap, scraip</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Walloon</lang>
                      <orth>screper, crape</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skrapia, *skrabia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skraabje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skraabje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*skraffōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schraffen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schrāpen, schrappen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schrapen, schropen, schrabben</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*skrapōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schrāpen, schrappen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>schrapen, schrappen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>schrappen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skrapa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skrabe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skrapa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>skrape</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>skrape</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skrapa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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