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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skrīþaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skrīþaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_skriedinat" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>skrìedinât</orth>
          <def>to drive</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_skristi" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>skri̇̀sti</orth>
          <def>to rush, run</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kreyt" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kreyt-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skrithana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skrīþaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skrīþaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskriː.θɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚱᛁᚦᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to walk, glide, crawl</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kreyt"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kreyt">*(s)kreyt-</ref></mentioned> (‘to stride’), which Kroonen assumes may be an extension of a root *(s)krey- (‘to go about’) shared with Baltic, the latter whose forms are extended as *(s)kreydʰ-; comparanda include Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_skristi"><ref target="#cog_lit_skristi">skri̇̀sti</ref></mentioned> (‘to rush, run’), skraidùs (‘fast’), skriẽti (‘to circle, fly in circles’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_skriedinat"><ref target="#cog_lav_skriedinat">skrìedinât</ref></mentioned> (‘to drive’), skrìet (‘to run, fly’). Whether the root *skrey- is related to *(s)ker- (‘to twist, turn, bend’) is uncertain.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skrīþaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skrīþōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skrīþaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skrīþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skrīþaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skrīþadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skrīþaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skraiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skridį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skraist</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skridīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skraiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skridī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skridū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skridīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skridudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skridīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skridum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skridīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skridud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skridīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skridun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skridīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skrīþandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skridanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skrīþaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*skrītha, skrīda</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*scrīthan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schriden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schrijden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċrīþan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>shrithe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skrītan, scrītan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schrīten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schreiten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skrīþan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>scrīthan, skrīdan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schrîden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>schrieden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skríða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skríða</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>skrithen, scrithen</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norman</lang>
                    <orth>écriller, égriller, griller</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>skrida, skri</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skrithæ, *skrithlæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>skride</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>skride, skri</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skríða</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skridha, *skridhla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skrida, skrilla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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