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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skuflō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skuflō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skuflo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skuflō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skuflō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskuɸ.lɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚢᚠᛚᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>shovel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *skublō, *skūblō (of uncertain formation), though apparently related to *skeubaną (‘to push, shove’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>skuflō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>skuflôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>skuflǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>skuflōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>skuflōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>skuflǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>skuflōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>skuflōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>skuflō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>skuflōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>skuflō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>skuflôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>sċobl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>schovele, schovel, schowell, schoule, shole</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>shuffle, schule, shule, shuil</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>sċobl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>schovele, schovel, schowell, schoule, shole</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>shovel, shoul, shool</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Fiji Hindi</lang>
                        <orth>sabbal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Marshallese</lang>
                        <orth>jabōļ</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>sċofl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>schovele, schovel, schowell, schoule, shole</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>shuffle, schule, shule, shuil</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>sċofl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>schovele, schovel, schowell, schoule, shole</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>shovel, shoul, shool</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Fiji Hindi</lang>
                        <orth>sabbal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Marshallese</lang>
                        <orth>jabōļ</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*skofl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Sköifel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skoffel, schoffel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*skūfl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Sköifel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skoffel, schoffel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>skūfla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>schûfele, schûfle, schuffele, schüffel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>Schüffel, Schüfel, Schuffel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skyffel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*skufla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>schuffel, schofel, schoefel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schoffel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*skofla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>schuffel, schofel, schoefel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schoffel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>scūbla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>schūfele, schūfel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Schaufel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>szufla</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>scūfla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>schūfele, schūfel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Schaufel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>szufla</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>scūvala</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>schūfele, schūfel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Schaufel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>szufla</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*skofl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skovl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skupla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skófla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>skuffel, skuffe</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*skofl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skofl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skovel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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