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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skundijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skundijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewt" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kewt-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skundijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skundijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skundijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskun.di.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᚢᚾᛞᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to drive; speed up; accelerate</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown; has been derived from a nasal-infixed form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewt"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewt">*(s)kewt-</ref></mentioned> (‘to shake, rattle’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skundijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skundijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skundijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skundīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skundijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skundī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skundijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skundijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skundīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skundijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skundijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skundijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skundijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skundijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skundijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skundijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skundijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skundijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skundijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skundijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skundijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skundijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skundīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skundijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skundīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skundijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skundijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skundijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skundijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skundijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skundijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skundijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skundidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skundidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skundidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skundidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skundidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skundidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skundidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skundidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skundidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skundidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skundidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skundidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skundidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skundidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skundidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skundidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skundijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skundidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skundijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skundijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>scunden</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skundijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċyndan, sċendan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>shunden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>schunten, schonten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>shunt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skundijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>scunten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schunden, schünden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schünden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skundijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skundian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schunden, schünden</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skynda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skynde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skynda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skynda, skunda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>skint</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skynda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skynda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skynda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skunda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skynde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skynda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skynda, skunda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>skint</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skunda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skynda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skynda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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