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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *skīnaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_skīnaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_keh1y" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)ḱeh₁y-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_skinana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skīnaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>skīnaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈskiː.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᚲᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to shine</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to appear</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_keh1y"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_keh1y">*(s)ḱeh₁y-</ref></mentioned> (‘to shine, shimmer’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skīnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skīnaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skīnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skīnizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skīnaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skīnazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skīnaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skīnidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skīnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skīnadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skīnadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skīnaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skīnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>skīnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skīnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skīnaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>skīnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skīnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skīnaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skīnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skīnaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skīnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skīnandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skīnain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skīnandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>skinį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skaint</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>skinīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>skinī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>skinū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>skinīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>skinudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>skinīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skinum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>skinīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skinud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>skinīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skinun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>skinīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>skīnandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>skinanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>skīnaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schinen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>sjiene</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>skīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>schinen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>schijnen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>skyn</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sċīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>shinen, schinen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>shine</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>skīna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skiene</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>skine, skyne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schīnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>scheine</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>schéngen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שײַנען (shaynen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>skīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>schīnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>scheinen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>ŝajni</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*skīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>skīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>schienen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skína</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>skinne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>skína</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>skína</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skína</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>skinne</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>skina, skine</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>skína</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>skīna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>skina</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 (skeinan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
