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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *slaiwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_slaiwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_liaros" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>λίαρος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>líaros</orth>
          </form>
          <def>mild</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_srivyati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>स्रीव्यति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>srī́vyati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to turn out badly, fail</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_lev" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*lěvъ</orth>
          <def>left</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_slaiwaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/slaiwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>slaiwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈslɑi̯.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛚᚨᛁᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>blunt; dull</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>exhausted; weary; faint; weak; sluggish</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>listless; torpid</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>dim-witted; slow</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="5">
            <def>slack; lazy</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Expected to reflect either pre-Germanic *sloy(H)-wo-s or *slo/aH-i-wo-s. Kroonen prefers the former, tentatively comparing Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_srivyati"><ref target="#cog_san_srivyati">स्रीव्यति</ref></mentioned> (srī́vyati, ‘to turn out badly, fail’) for Proto-Indo-European *sliH-u-. For the latter, compare Ancient Greek λαιός (laiós, ‘left (side); awkward’), Latin laevus, Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_lev"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_lev">*lěvъ</ref></mentioned> (‘left’) (originally meaning *“askew”?), but the semantic connection is weak. Kroonen rejects this along with any relation to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_liaros"><ref target="#cog_grc_liaros">λίαρος</ref></mentioned> (líaros, ‘mild’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>slaiwaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>slaiwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>slaiwōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>slaiwammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slaiw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*slēw</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sleew, sleeu, slee</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>sleeuw, slee</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slaiw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>slāw, slǣw, slēaw</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>slaw, slow</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>slow</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>slaw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>slaw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slaiw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*slāw, *slāu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>släi</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sleau</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slaiw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>slēo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>slē</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schlehe, schleh, schlēch, schlö</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swabian</lang>
                        <orth>schlēw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slaiw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*slēw, slēu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sleu, slē</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>slee</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slaiw</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*slēw, slēu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sleu, slē</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Westmünsterländisch</lang>
                          <orth>schlee</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sljór</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sljór, sljár, slær</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sljo, slø</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sljór</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>sliø̄</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sløv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sløv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sljór</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sliōr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>slö</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sljár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sljór, sljár, slær</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sljo, slø</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sljár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>sliø̄</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sløv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sløv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sljár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sliōr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>slö</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>slær</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sljór, sljár, slær</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sljo, slø</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>slær</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>sliø̄</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>sløv</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>sløv</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>slær</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sliōr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>slö</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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