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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *slappōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_slappōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_slabs" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>slãbs</orth>
          <def>idem</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_slab" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*slàbъ</orth>
          <def>weak</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_slappona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/slappōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>slappōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈslɑp.pɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛚᚨᛈᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be slack</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *slobʰ-néh₂-ti, an iterative verb related to *slēpaną (‘to sleep’). The root is reconstructed by Kroonen as *slobʰ- (‘to be slack, weak’), and compared with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_slab"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_slab">*slàbъ</ref></mentioned> (‘weak’), dialectal Lithuanian slãbnas, slõbnas (‘idem’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_slabs"><ref target="#cog_lav_slabs">slãbs</ref></mentioned> (‘idem’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>slappō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>slappǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>slappōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slappōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slappōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slappō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slappōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slappōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slappōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slappō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slappōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slappōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slappōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>slappōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>slappōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>slappōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>slappōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>slappōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slappōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slappōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slappōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slappōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slappōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slappōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slappōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slappōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slappōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slappōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slappōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>slappōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>slappōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slappōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slappōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slappōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slappōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>slappōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>slappōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>slappōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>slappōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slappōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slappōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slappōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slappōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slappōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slappōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>slappōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>slappōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>slappōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>slappon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>slappen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>slappen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>slaffōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>slaffen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slappōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*slappōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>slappen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>slappa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>slappe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>slabba</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>slappa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>slappa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>slappa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>slappe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>slappa, slapa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*slapa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>slappe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>slabba</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>slappa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>slappa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*slapa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>slappe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>slappa, slapa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*slabba</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>slappe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>slabba</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>slappa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>slappa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*slabba</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>slappe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>slappa, slapa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>slafa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>slappe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>slabba</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>slappa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>slappa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>slafa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>slappe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>slappa, slapa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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