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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *slēpaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_slēpaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_langueo_x2" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>langueō</orth>
          <def>to be faint, listless</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_slepana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/slēpaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>slēpaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈslɛː.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛚᛖᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7d</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sleep</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unclear. May be related to *slapaz (‘weak, lax’), itself of unclear origin, or possibly back-formed to *slabōną/*slappōną.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Older theories tentatively derived the word from a hypothetical base *slē‑, extended in pre-Germanic as *slēb-, from earlier Proto-Indo-European *sleh₁‑, which could be related to *(s)leh₁g-; see also Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_langueo_x2"><ref target="#cog_lat_langueo_x2">langueō</ref></mentioned> (‘to be faint, listless’), Old English slæc (‘lazy’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>slēpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>slēpaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>slēpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slēpizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slēpaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slēp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slēpazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>slēpaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slēpidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slēpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slēpadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slēpadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>slēpaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>slēpōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>slēpaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>slēpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>slēpaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>slēpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slēpamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slēpaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slēpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>slēpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slēpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slēpaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slēpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slēpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>slēpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slēpandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slēpain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slēpandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slēpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>slēpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sezlēp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sezlēpį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sezlēft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sezlēpīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sezlēp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sezlēpī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sezlēpū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sezlēpīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sezlēpudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sezlēpīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sezlēpum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sezlēpīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sezlēpud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sezlēpīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sezlēpun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sezlēpīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>slēpandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>slēpanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>slēpaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slāpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>slāpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>slâpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>slaope</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Zealandic</lang>
                        <orth>slaepe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slāpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>slāpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>slâpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>slapen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>slaap</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>slaap, slap, slaep</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>slapi, slappe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slāpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>slǣpan, slēpan, slāpan, slēpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sleep</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>sribi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slāpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>slǣpan, slēpan, slāpan, slēpian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sleip, slepe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>sleep</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slāpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>slēpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>släipe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sliepe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slāpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>slāfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>slāfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>schlafen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שלאָפֿן (shlofn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slāpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>slāfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>slāfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>schlofe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>schlofe</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>schlofen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slāpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>slāfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>slāfen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>schlofe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                          <orth>schlofe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*slāpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>slāpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>slâpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>slapen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>slapen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 (slēpan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>schlipen</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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