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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *spadô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_spadô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_spathe" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>σπάθη</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>spáthē</orth>
          </form>
          <def>blade</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_kaka" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>[script needed]</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kaka-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>tooth</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_spado" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spadô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>spadô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspɑ.ðɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᚨᛞᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>spade</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *sph₂-dʰ-. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_spathe"><ref target="#cog_grc_spathe">σπάθη</ref></mentioned> (spáthē, ‘blade’), Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_kaka"><ref target="#cog_hit_kaka">[script needed]</ref></mentioned> (išpatar, ‘spear’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>spadô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>spadaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>spadanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>spadanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>spadiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>spadanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>spadini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>spadammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>spadinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>spadammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>spadô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>spadaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spadō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spade</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spade, spa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spadō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spada</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spade</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Irish</lang>
                        <orth>spád, spáid</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spade, spaid</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spadō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spada</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spade</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spade</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Fiji Hindi</lang>
                          <orth>sipi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                          <orth>spaid</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spadō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>spada</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spade</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Spoade</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>*spa, *spar, stikelspa, stikelspar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spadō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*spato</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spade, spate</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Spaten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Spuet</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spadō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>spado</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>spāde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Spaa, Spaden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spade</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spaði</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>spade</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>spaði</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>spaki</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spadhi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>spade</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>járnspaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spade</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spaði</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>spade</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>járnspaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>spaði</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>spaki</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>járnspaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spadhi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>spade</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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