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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sparaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sparaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_prosperus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>prosperus</orth>
          <def>favorable, lucky</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sphira" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>स्फिर</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>sphirá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>fat</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sparaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sparaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sparaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspɑ.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᚨᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sparing, frugal</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *sph̥₁-ro-s, from *speh₁- (‘to succeed, prosper’). Particularly close cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sphira"><ref target="#cog_san_sphira">स्फिर</ref></mentioned> (sphirá, ‘fat’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_prosperus"><ref target="#cog_lat_prosperus">prosperus</ref></mentioned> (‘favorable, lucky’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>spariniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>spariniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>spar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spaer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spare, spar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spare</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sparr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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