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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sparkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sparkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h_x13" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sp</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>h</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sperg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sperg-</orth>
          <def>to strew, scatter, sprinkle</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sparkaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sparkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sparkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspɑr.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᚨᚱᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>energetic, lively</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_x13"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_x13">*sp</ref></mentioned> (h)erag-, from *sper- (‘to jerk, push, fidget, spring’) or alternatively from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sperg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sperg">*sperg-</ref></mentioned> (‘to strew, scatter, sprinkle’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparką, -at, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparką, -at, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkas, sparkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparkas, sparkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparkaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparkammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparkaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparkanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>sparkaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>sparkaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>sparkaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>sparkammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>sparkōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>sparkammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sparko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sparke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>esparque</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spearca, spærca</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sparke, sparc, sparck, spark, sperk, sperke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spark, sperk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*sparka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Spoorke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spark</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*sparcho, *sparko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sparke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Sparke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparkō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*sparko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sparke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Sparke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sparkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sparkur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sparkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>sprak, spracke, sprag</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>sprak, sprag, sprack</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>sprack</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sprekr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sparkur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sprekr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>sprak, spracke, sprag</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>sprak, sprag, sprack</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>sprack</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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