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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sparrijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sparrijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sparrijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sparrijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sparrijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspɑr.ri.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to bar, to block</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *sparrô (‘wooden beam, log’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparrīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparrī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparrīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparrijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sparrijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sparrijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sparrijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sparrijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sparrijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparrīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparrīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparrijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sparridǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sparridēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparridēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparridēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparridē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparridēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sparridēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sparridēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sparridēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sparridēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparridēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparridēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparridēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparridēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparridēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparridēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>sparrijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>sparridaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>sparrijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparrijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sperren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sperren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>sperren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparrijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sperran, spierran, spyrran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sperren</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparrijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sperren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sperren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>sperren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparrijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*sperrian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sperren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>sperren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sperra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sperra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>sperre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>sperre, sperra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spärra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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