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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sparwô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sparwô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sparwo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sparwô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sparwô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspɑr.wɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᚨᚱᚹᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sparrow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">See *sparwaz</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>sparwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>sparwaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>sparwanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>sparwanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>sparwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>sparwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>sparwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>sparwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>sparwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>sparwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>sparwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>sparwaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spearwa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sparwe, sparuwe, sparowe, sparewe, speruwe, sparu, sparow</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sparrowe, sparow</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spearwa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sparwe, sparuwe, sparowe, sparewe, speruwe, sparu, sparow</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sparrow</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Manx</lang>
                          <orth>sparroo</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sparo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sparwe, spare, spar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Spar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sparo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sparwe, spare, spar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>spaz, spatze</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                          <orth>Spatz, Schpatz</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                          <orth>Spåtz</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sparo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sparwe, spare, spar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>spaz, spatze</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Spatz</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                            <orth>Spatz</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sparo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>sperilig</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>sperlinc</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Sperling</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                          <orth>שפּערל (shperl)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*sparo, *sperling</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sperlink</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍀𐌰𐍂𐍅𐌰 (sparwa)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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