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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sparāną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sparāną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sparana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sparāną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sparāną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspɑ.rɑː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᚨᚱᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be thrifty; be conservative; be sparing</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *sparaz (‘sparing, frugal’) + *-āną.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sparō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparaisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparāsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparaiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparāþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparāþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sparōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sparāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sparāþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparāmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparānþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparānþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparānþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sparadǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sparadēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparadēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sparadēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparadē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sparadēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sparadēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sparadēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sparadēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sparadēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparadēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sparadēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparadēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sparadēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparadēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sparadēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>sparāndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>sparadaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>sparāną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sparon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spāren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>sparen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>spaar</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>separ, nyepar</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>spaar, spaer</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>spar, spaar</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sparian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>sparien, sparen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spare</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spar, spair</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sparia, spara</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spoarje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sparje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sparēn, sparōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sparn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>sparen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>spueren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sparēn, sparōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sparn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שפּאָרן (shporn)</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>ŝpari</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sparōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sparen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>sparen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>sparāniō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italo-Romance</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Neapolitan</lang>
                        <orth>sparagnà</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Sicilian</lang>
                        <orth>sparagnari</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>sparāniō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italo-Romance</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Italian</lang>
                        <orth>sparagnare, sparmiare, risparmiare</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <orth>Central dialects: sparagnà, risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>sparāniō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Northern Gallo-Romance</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Franc-Comtois</lang>
                        <orth>éparmaî</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Franco-Provençal</lang>
                        <orth>épargnèr, éparmar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Walloon</lang>
                        <orth>spârgnî</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>sparāniō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Northern Gallo-Romance</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Bourgignon</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Bourguignon</lang>
                          <orth>reparmer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>sparāniō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Northern Gallo-Romance</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>épargner</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>sparāniō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Padanian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Emilian</lang>
                        <orth>sparmier, sparer, rasparar, arsparmier</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Lombard</lang>
                        <orth>spargnar, sparmir</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Piedmontese</lang>
                        <orth>spargné</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Romagnol</lang>
                        <orth>sparmier, sparanear, arpsamear</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sparēn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>sparāniō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Southern Gallo-Romance</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Occitan</lang>
                        <orth>esparnhar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spara</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>spara</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spara</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>spara</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spara</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spare</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>spare</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spara</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spara</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>spara</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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