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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *spehōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_spehōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_skopeo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>σκοπέω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>skopéō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>I view, examine</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_spek" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*speḱ-</orth>
          <def>to see, to look, to observe</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_specio" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>speciō</orth>
          <def>look, stare, behold</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_spehona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spehōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>spehōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspe.xɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᛖᚺᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to peer, look, spy</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_spek"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_spek">*speḱ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to look’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_specio"><ref target="#cog_lat_specio">speciō</ref></mentioned> (‘look, stare, behold’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_skopeo"><ref target="#cog_grc_skopeo">σκοπέω</ref></mentioned> (skopéō, ‘I view, examine’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spehō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spehǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spehōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spehōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spehōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spehō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spehōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spehōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spehōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spehō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spehōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spehōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spehōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>spehōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>spehōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>spehōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>spehōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>spehōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spehōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spehōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spehōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spehōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spehōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spehōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spehōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spehōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spehōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spehōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spehōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spehōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spehōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spehōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spehōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spehōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spehōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spehōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spehōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spehōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>spehōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>spehōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>spehōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>spehōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spehōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spehōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spehōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spehōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spehōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spehōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>spehōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>spehōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>spehōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spehōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*spiō</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spehōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spion</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spien, spieden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spieden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spehōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>spehōn, spiohōn, *spihōn, spihāri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spëhen, spēn, *spiehen, spieher</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>spähen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spehōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>spehōn, spiohōn, *spihōn, spihāri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spëhen, spēn, *spiehen, spieher</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Czech</lang>
                        <orth>špehovat</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>szpiegować</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spehōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*spehōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>spēgen, spējen, spēen, spēn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                        <orth>speja, spæja</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>spejde</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                          <orth>speja, spæja</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                          <orth>speide</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>speja</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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