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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *speru</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_speru</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sperh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sperH-</orth>
          <def>spear; a kind of tree</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_sparus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>sparus</orth>
          <def>hunting spear</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_speru" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/speru">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>speru</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspe.ru</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᛖᚱᚢ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>spear</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *sperHu-, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sperh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sperh">*sperH-</ref></mentioned> (‘spear; a kind of tree’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_sparus"><ref target="#cog_lat_sparus">sparus</ref></mentioned> (‘hunting spear’), Albanian shpardh (‘Italian oak’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>speru</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>sperū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>speru</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>sperū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>sperauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>spiriwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>spiriwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>sperumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>sperū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>sperumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>speru</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>sperū</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*speru, *sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spēre, sper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>speer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>speer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spere</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spear</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spere, speir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>spere, spiri, sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Speer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spear</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Speer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Speer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speru</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Speer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*speru, *sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spēre, sper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>speer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>speer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spere</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spear</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spere, speir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>spere, spiri, sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Speer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spear</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Speer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Speer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Speer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*speru, *sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spēre, sper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>speer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>speer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spere</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spear</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spere, speir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>spere, spiri, sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Speer</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spear</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Speer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Speer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sper</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sper</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Speer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spjǫr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spjör, sparr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spjǫrr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spjör, sparr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spǫrr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spjör, sparr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sparr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spjör, sparr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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