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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *spihtaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_spihtaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_peyk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)peyk-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_spihtaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spihtaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>spihtaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspix.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᛁᚺᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>woodpecker</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_peyk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_peyk">*(s)peyk-</ref></mentioned> (‘woodpecker; magpie’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>spihtaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>spihtōz, spihtōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>spihtą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>spihtanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>spihtas, spihtis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>spihtǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>spihtai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>spihtamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>spihtō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>spihtamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>spiht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>spihtōz, spihtōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*speht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>specht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>specht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*spiht, *speoht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>speght</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>speight, specht, spekt, spight</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>specht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>espec, espoit, espois</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spek, spec, speke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>wod spek</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>espec, espoit, espois</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>espec, especq</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>épeiche</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*spiāht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>specht, spjucht</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Spächt</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spjocht, spjucht</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>speht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spëht, specht, speiht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Specht</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Spiecht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spiht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>speht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>specht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>specht, spechte</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>speight, specht, spekt, spight</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Specht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*speht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>specht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>specht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*spiht, *speoht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>speght</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>speight, specht, spekt, spight</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>specht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>espec, espoit, espois</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spek, spec, speke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>wod spek</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>espec, espoit, espois</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle French</lang>
                      <orth>espec, especq</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>épeiche</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*spiāht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>specht, spjucht</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Spächt</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spjocht, spjucht</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>speht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spëht, specht, speiht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Specht</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Spiecht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*speht</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>speht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>specht</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch Low Saxon</lang>
                        <orth>specht, spechte</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>speight, specht, spekt, spight</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Specht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spettr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spætte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>spetta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spett</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spætr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spætte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>spetta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spett</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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