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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *spilþijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_spilþijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_spilthijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spilþijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>spilþijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspil.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᛁᛚᚦᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to spoil, ruin</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to kill, murder</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *spelþą (‘spoil, ruin’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spilþīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spilþī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spilþīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spilþijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>spilþijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>spilþijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>spilþijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>spilþijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>spilþijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spilþīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spilþīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spilþijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spilþidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spilþidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spilþidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spilþidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spilþidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spilþidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>spilþidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>spilþidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>spilþidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>spilþidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spilþidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spilþidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spilþidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spilþidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spilþidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spilþidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>spilþijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>spilþidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>spilþijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spilþijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spilden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spilden, spillen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spillen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>spil</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spilþijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spillan, spildan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spillen, spylle, spille, spyl, spil, spyll, spill, spilden, spyllyn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spill</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spill</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spilþijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*spilla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ferspille</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spilþijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>spilden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spilden, spillen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>spillen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spilþijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>spilden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spilden, spillen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>spildec</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>kostspielig</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spilþijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>spildian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>spilden, spillen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>spillen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spillijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spilden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spilden, spillen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spillen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>spil</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spillijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spillan, spildan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spillen, spylle, spille, spyl, spil, spyll, spill, spilden, spyllyn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spill</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spill</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spillijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*spilla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ferspille</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spillijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>spilden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spilden, spillen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>spillen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spillijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>spilden</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spilden, spillen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>spildec</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>kostspielig</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spillijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>spildian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>spilden, spillen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>spillen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spilla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>spilla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spilla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>spille</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spilla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spillæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>spilde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spilla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spilla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>spilla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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