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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *sprekaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_sprekaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_spregh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*spregʰ-</orth>
          <def>to crackle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_sprageti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>spragė́ti</orth>
          <def>to crackle, patter</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_sprekana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sprekaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>sprekaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspre.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᚱᛖᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 5</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to speak</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_spregh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_spregh">*spregʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to crackle’), and cognate with Old Norse spraka (‘to crackle, patter’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_sprageti"><ref target="#cog_lit_sprageti">spragė́ti</ref></mentioned> (‘to crackle, patter’). Alternatively, suggested to be from a Proto-Indo-European *spreg- on the basis of Albanian shpreh (‘to express, voice’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sprekō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sprekaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sprekai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sprikizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sprekaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sprek</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sprekazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sprekaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sprikidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sprekai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sprekadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sprekadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sprekaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sprekōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>sprekaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sprekadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sprekaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>sprekadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sprekamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sprekaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sprekandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sprekaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sprikid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sprekaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sprikid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sprekandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sprekaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sprekandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sprekain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sprekandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sprekandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sprekaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sprak</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sprēkį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spraht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sprēkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sprak</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sprēkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sprēkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sprēkīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sprēkudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sprēkīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sprēkum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sprēkīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sprēkud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sprēkīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sprēkun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sprēkīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>sprekandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>sprekanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>sprekaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sprekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>sprecan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sprēken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spreken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>spraeke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sprekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>speken, speke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>speak, speyk, spek, spik</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sprekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>speken, speke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>speke, speik</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>speik, speak, spik, spikk</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sprekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>spreka, sprekan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spreke</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sprekke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sprekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sprëhhan, sprëchan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sprëchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>sjprèche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>spreche</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>spriechen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sprekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sprëhhan, sprëchan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>sprëchen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>sprechen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Czech</lang>
                          <orth>šprechtit</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>szprechać</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                          <orth>šprȅhati, шпре̏хати</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                          <orth>шпрехати (šprexaty)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sprekan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sprekan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>sprēken</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>spreken</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>spräakjen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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