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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *springaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_springaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_sperkho" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>σπέρχω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>spérkhō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to set in rapid motion, haste, hurry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_spergh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sperǵʰ-</orth>
          <def>to move energetically, hurry, spring</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sprhayati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>स्पृहयति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>spṛháyati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to be eager</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_springana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/springaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>springaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᚱᛁᚾᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to spring, to jump up</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to burst, to explode</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *sprenǵʰ-, nasalised form of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_spergh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_spergh">*sperǵʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to move energetically, hurry, spring’). Compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_sperkho"><ref target="#cog_grc_sperkho">σπέρχω</ref></mentioned> (spérkhō, ‘to set in rapid motion, haste, hurry’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sprhayati"><ref target="#cog_san_sprhayati">स्पृहयति</ref></mentioned> (spṛháyati, ‘to be eager’), Albanian shpërthej (‘to pop open, puncture, lance, make explode, blow up’), Lithuanian spreñgti (‘to push (in)’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>springō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>springaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>springai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>springizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>springaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spring</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>springazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>springaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>springidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>springai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>springadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>springadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>springaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>springōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>springaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>springadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>springaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>springadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>springamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>springaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>springandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>springaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>springid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>springaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>springid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>springandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>springaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>springandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>springain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>springandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>springandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>springaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sprang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>sprungį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spranht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sprungīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sprang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>sprungī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>sprungū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>sprungīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>sprungudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>sprungīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sprungum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>sprungīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sprungud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>sprungīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sprungun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>sprungīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>springandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>sprunganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>springaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*springan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*springan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>springen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>springe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*springan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*springan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>springen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>springen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>spring</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>pringgi</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>spring, springe, spränge</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>spriṅ</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*springan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>springan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spryngen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spring, sprink</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spring</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*springan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>springa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>springe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>springe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*springan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>springan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>springen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>springe, schpringe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>springen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>springen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>sprangen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>schpringe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שפּרינגען (shpringen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*springan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>springan, sprengan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>springen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>springen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>springa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>springa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>springge, springga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>springa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?, springe, sprekke</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>springa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>springæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>springe, sprække</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>springa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>springa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>springa, spricka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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