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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *spurô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_spurô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sperh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sperH-</orth>
          <def>spear; a kind of tree</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_spuro" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spurô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>spurô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspu.rɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᚢᚱᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>spur</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sperh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sperh">*sperH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to twitch, push, fidget, be quick’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>spurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>spuraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>spuranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>spuranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>spuriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>spuranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>spurini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>spurammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>spurinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>spurammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>spurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>spuraniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sporo, *spora</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spōre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spoor</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>spoor</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spura, spora</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spore, spor, spure, spwre, spuyre, spurre, spur, spoure, spourre, spowrre, spoor, sporre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>spourr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*spora</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Spoor</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spoar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sporo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spore</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Sporn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sporo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>spōre, spāre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Spar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*sporo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Catalan</lang>
                      <orth>esperó</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Galician</lang>
                      <orth>esporón</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>sprone</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>esporon</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*sporo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>esperun</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>esperon</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>éperon</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sporō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*sporo, *spora</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spōre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spoor</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>spoor</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sporō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spura, spora</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spore, spor, spure, spwre, spuyre, spurre, spur, spoure, spourre, spowrre, spoor, sporre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spur</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>spourr</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sporō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*spora</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Spoor</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spoar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sporō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>sporo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spore</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Sporn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sporō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>sporo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>spōre, spāre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Spar</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sporō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*sporo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Catalan</lang>
                      <orth>esperó</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Galician</lang>
                      <orth>esporón</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Italian</lang>
                      <orth>sprone</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Occitan</lang>
                      <orth>esporon</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*sporō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*sporo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>esperun</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>esperon</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>éperon</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spori</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spore</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>spori</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spori</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>spore</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>sporre</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (*spaura)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Galician</lang>
                    <orth>espora</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                    <orth>espora</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐍃𐍀𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰 (*spaura)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Spanish</lang>
                    <orth>espuela</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Spanish</lang>
                      <orth>espolón</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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