<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *spēnuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_spēnuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_sphen" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>σφήν</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>sphḗn</orth>
          </form>
          <def>wedge</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sphya" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>स्फ्य</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>sphyá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>flat piece of wood used as a ritual sword</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_peh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)peH-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_spenuz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spēnuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>spēnuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspɛː.nuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᛖᚾᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>piece of wood</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>chip, shaving</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>spoon</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Traditionally compared with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_sphen"><ref target="#cog_grc_sphen">σφήν</ref></mentioned> (sphḗn, ‘wedge’) and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sphya"><ref target="#cog_san_sphya">स्फ्य</ref></mentioned> (sphyá, ‘flat piece of wood used as a ritual sword’), for a tentative Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_peh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_peh">*(s)peH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cut off; chip, shaving, log, length of wood’). However, this connection is phonologically impossible, and all of the supposed cognates are themselves of disputed origin.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>spēnuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>spēniwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>spēnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>spēnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>spēnauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>spēniwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>spēniwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>spēnumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>spēnū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>spēnumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>spēnu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>spēniwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spānu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spâen, spon</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>spoon</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spānu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spâen, spon</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spaan</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>spaan</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spānu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spone, spon, sponne, spoon, spoun, spoune, spun, spune</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spoon</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>spuin, speun</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spuin, spin, spon, spone, spun, spune</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>spone</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spānu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*spōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Spoune</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spoen, spoan</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spānu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>spān, spanna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spān</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Spään</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Span</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Spoun</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spānu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*spān, *spōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>spân, spôn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>spoon</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spánn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spån</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>spónur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>span, spån</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spánn, spónn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>spon</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spánn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>spån</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spónn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spån</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>spónur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>span, spån</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spánn, spónn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>spon</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spónn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spān</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>spån</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*pëëna</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
