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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *spīkō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_spīkō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_spicus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>spīcus</orth>
          <def>pin</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_spiko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spīkō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>spīkō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspiː.kɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᛁᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a large nail, spike</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">The word seems to derive from Proto-Indo-European *speyg-, a *g-extension of *spey- (‘long, sharp’); Orel notes similarities to Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_spicus"><ref target="#cog_lat_spicus">spīcus</ref></mentioned> (‘pin’);.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>spīkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>spīkôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>spīkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>spīkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>spīkōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>spīkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>spīkōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>spīkōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>spīkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>spīkōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>spīkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>spīkôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spīku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spīka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>*spike, *spijk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spijk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spīku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*spīking</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>*spīking</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spikinc</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>spijking</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spīku</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*spīking</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>spīcing</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>spikyng, spykyng</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>spiking</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>spyking, spikyn</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spík</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spig</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spík</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spík</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>spike, spyk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>spike</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Irish</lang>
                      <orth>spíce</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>spike</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                      <orth>spìc</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spík</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spīk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>spik</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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