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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *spīwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_spīwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_plivati" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>пльвати</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>plĭvati</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ptuo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πτύω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ptúō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>spit, vomit</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_spit_verb" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>spuō</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>“spit”, verb</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sthivati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>ष्ठीवति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ṣṭhīvati</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_pteiw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)ptēiw-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_spiwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spīwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>spīwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈspiː.wɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛈᛁᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to spew, to spit</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_pteiw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_pteiw">*(s)ptēiw-</ref></mentioned>, *(s)ptyēw- (‘to spit, vomit’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_spit_verb"><ref target="#cog_lat_spit_verb">spuō</ref></mentioned> (“spit”, verb), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_ptuo"><ref target="#cog_grc_ptuo">πτύω</ref></mentioned> (ptúō, ‘spit, vomit’), Old Armenian թուք (tʻukʻ), Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_plivati"><ref target="#cog_chu_plivati">пльвати</ref></mentioned> (plĭvati), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sthivati"><ref target="#cog_san_sthivati">ष्ठीवति</ref></mentioned> (ṣṭhīvati).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spīwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spīwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spīwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spīwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spīwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spīwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spīwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spīwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spīwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spīwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spīwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spīwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>spīwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>spīwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>spīwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>spīwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>spīwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spīwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spīwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spīwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spīwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spīwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spīwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spīwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spīwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spīwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spīwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spīwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spīwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spīwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spīwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>spiwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spaiwt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>spiwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>spiwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>spiwū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>spiwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>spiwudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>spiwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spiwum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>spiwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spiwud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>spiwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spiwun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>spiwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>spīwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>spiwanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>spīwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spīwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spīwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>spieje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spīwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*spīwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>spuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>spuwen, spouwen, spuien, spugen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>spu, spuug, spoeg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spīwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>spīwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>spewen, speouwen, spew, spewe, spiewen, spiwan, spue, spuen, spuwe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>spew</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>spew</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spīwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>spīa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>späie</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>spije</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spīwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>spīwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>spīen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>spiiwe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>speien</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שפּײַען (shpayen)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*spīwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>spīwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>spîgen, spîen, spiggen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>spiien, speen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>spieen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spýja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>spaja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>spýggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>spöi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spýja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>spy</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>spý, spí</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spýja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spȳ, spī</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>spy, spi</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>spýja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spȳia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>spy</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*spía</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>spaja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>spýggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>spöi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>spýja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>spy</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>spý, spí</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*spía</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>spȳ, spī</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>spy, spi</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*spía</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>spȳia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>spy</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍀𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (speiwan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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