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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stabaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stabaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_stobh_o_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*stóbʰ-o-s</orth>
          <def>staff</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stabaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stabaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stabaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑ.βɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᛒᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>staff, stick</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>a letter of the (runic) alphabet</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stobh_o_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stobh_o_s">*stóbʰ-o-s</ref></mentioned> (‘staff’), from *stebʰ- (‘to stand still; to harden’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>stabaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>stabōz, stabōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>stabą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>stabanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>stabas, stabis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>stabǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>stabai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>stabamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>stabō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>stabamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>stab</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>stabōz, stabōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*staf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>staf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>staaf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*staf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>staf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>staf</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>staf</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>staf</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>staf</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>stæf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>staf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>staff, stave</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>staf, staff</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>staf, stef</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Stäf</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stêf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stab, stap</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stab, stap</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Staf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stab, stap</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stab, stap</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Stab</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Czech</lang>
                          <orth>štáb</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Danish</lang>
                          <orth>stab</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>stabo</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hungarian</lang>
                          <orth>stáb</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Macedonian</lang>
                          <orth>штаб (štab)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>sztab</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>штаб (štab)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Serbo-Croatian</lang>
                          <orth>štab</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>stab</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stab</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>staf</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>staf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Staff, Staav</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛊᛏᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*stabaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>stafr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>stavur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>stav</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>stafur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>stav</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛊᛏᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*stabaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>stafr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>staf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>stav</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᛊᛏᚨᛒᚨᛉ (*stabaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>stafr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>staver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>stav</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>stafr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>stavur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>stav</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>stafur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>stav</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>stafr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>staf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>stav</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᛋᛏᛡᛒᛡ (stᴀbᴀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>stafr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>staver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>stav</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍆𐍃 (stafs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>stáhpi</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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