<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stahlą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stahlą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_staxra" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>staxra</orth>
          </form>
          <def>strong</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_stek" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*stek-</orth>
          <def>to be firm, stand fast</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_pannu_staclan" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>pannu-staclan</orth>
          <def>fire-striker</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stahla" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stahlą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stahlą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑx.lɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᚺᛚᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>steel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *stahlaz, *stahalaz (‘firm, fast’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stek"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stek">*stek-</ref></mentioned> (‘to be firm, stand fast’). Cognate with Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="prg" target="#cog_prg_pannu_staclan"><ref target="#cog_prg_pannu_staclan">pannu-staclan</ref></mentioned> (‘fire-striker’); an additional connection to Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_staxra"><ref target="#cog_ave_staxra">𐬯𐬙𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀</ref></mentioned> (staxra, ‘strong’) is tenuous.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>stahlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>stahlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>stahlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>stahlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>stahlas, stahlis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>stahlǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>stahlai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>stahlamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>stahlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>stahlamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>stahlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>stahlō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stâel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>stjaol</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>stoal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stâel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>staal</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>staal</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>stal, staal</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stâel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>staal</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>staal</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Xhosa</lang>
                            <orth>isitali</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stahal, stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stahel, stāl, stachel, stagel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Staal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Stahl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Staal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Stol</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שטאָל (shtol)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stâl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Stahl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>staal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Stol</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stâel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>stjaol</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>stoal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stâel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>staal</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>staal</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>stal, staal</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stâel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>staal</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>staal</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Xhosa</lang>
                            <orth>isitali</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stahal, stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stahel, stāl, stachel, stagel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Staal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Stahl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>Staal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Stol</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שטאָל (shtol)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stahlī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stâl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Stahl</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>staal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Stol</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stál</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stål</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>stą̊l</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stál</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stál</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>stål</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stál</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stål</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*stālē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
