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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stammijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stammijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_stemh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*stemH-</orth>
          <def>to stop up, push</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_stumt" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>stumt</orth>
          <def>to pull, push</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stammijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stammijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stammijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑm.mi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᛗᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to cause to slow, stop</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">The causative to an unattested strong verb *stimmaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stemh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stemh">*stemH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to stutter, push’), whence also Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_stumt"><ref target="#cog_lav_stumt">stumt</ref></mentioned> (‘to pull, push’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stammijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stammijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stammijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stammīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stammijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stammī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stammijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stammijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stammīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stammijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stammijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stammijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stammijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stammijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stammijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stammijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stammijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stammijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stammijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stammijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stammijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stammijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stammīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stammijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stammīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stammijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stammijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stammijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stammijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stammijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stammijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stammijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stammidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stammidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stammidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stammidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stammidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stammidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stammidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stammidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stammidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stammidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stammidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stammidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stammidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stammidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stammidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stammidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>stammijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stammidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>stammijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stammijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stemmen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stemmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stemmen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stammijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*stemman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>forstemman</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stammijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*stemman</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stemmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>stem</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stammijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*stemmen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stemmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>stemmen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stammijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stemmian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stemmen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stemma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stemma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stemma</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stemma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stæmmæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>stæmme, stemme</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stemma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stæmma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stämma</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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