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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *standaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_standaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_standana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/standaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>standaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑn.dɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to stand</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">The past stem derives from an innovated extended form of the root, Pre-Germanic perfect singular *stéh₂-t-, nonsingular *sth₂-t-´, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. The process that led to this extension is unknown, however.</seg>
            <seg type="p">The present stem is an n-infixed stem derived from the innovated past tense, Pre-Germanic *sth₂-n-t-´.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>standō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>standaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>standai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>standizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>standaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stand</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>standazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>standaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>standidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>standai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>standadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>standadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>standaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>standōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>standaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>standadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>standaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>standadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>standamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>standaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>standandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>standaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>standid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>standaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>standid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>standandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>standaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>standandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>standain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>standandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>standandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>standaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stōdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stōst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stōdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stōdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stōdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stōdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stōdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stōdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stōdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stōdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stōdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stōdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stōdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stōdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>standandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stadanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>standaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*standan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*standan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>standen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>standen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*standan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>standan, stondan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stonden, stande, standen, stonde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>sthoane, sthone, sthoan, stoane</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*standan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>standan, stondan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stonden, stande, standen, stonde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>stand</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Ido</lang>
                          <orth>standar</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norman</lang>
                          <orth>stanner, sténer</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>tan</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*standan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>standan, stondan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stonden, stande, standen, stonde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>stand</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>staund, staand, stan, stand, staun, stawn</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*standan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>standa, stonda</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stun, stuun, stönje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stounde</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*standan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stantan, standan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>standen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>standen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*standan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>standan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>standen, *stenden, stant</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                        <orth>*bîstanden, bîstenden, entweistanden, standinge, ümmestanden, understanden, upstanden, vörstenden, wedderstanden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>standa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>standa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>standa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>stande, standa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>standa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>stande</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>standa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>standa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stånda</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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