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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stapiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stapiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_stopa" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*stōpà</orth>
          <def>foot, footstep</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stapiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stapiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stapiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑ.piz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᛈᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a step</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Nominal formation related to *stappōną (‘to step’), Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_stopa"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_stopa">*stōpà</ref></mentioned> (‘foot, footstep’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>stapiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>stapīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>stapį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>stapinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>stapīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>stapjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>stapī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>stapimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>stapī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>stapimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>stapi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>stapīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stapi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>stapēs</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stapi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>(dative: stepfen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stapf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Stapf, Stapfe, Stapfen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stapi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>(dative: stepfen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>fuozstapho</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>vuozstapfe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Fußstapfen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stapi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stap, *step</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>steppe, step</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stapi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>stæpe, stepe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>steppe, stap, stape, steape, steepe, step, stepe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>step</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>step, stap, stop</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stapi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*stap, stepe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>staep</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Stap, Stappe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stapi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stapho, staph</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stapf</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Stapf, Stapfe, Stapfen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stapi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stapho, staph</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>fuozstapho</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>vuozstapfe</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Fußstapfen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stapi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stap, *step</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stappe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Stapp</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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