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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *starkuz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_starkuz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_stregti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>strė́gti</orth>
          <def>to harden, congeal, freeze</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_starkuz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/starkuz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>starkuz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑr.kuz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᚱᚲᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>stiff; rigid</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>strong</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *storg-o/u-s, an o-grade adjective reconstructed either as an o-stem or u-stem, derived from a root *sterg- (‘to harden, be rigid, stiff’), cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_stregti"><ref target="#cog_lit_stregti">strė́gti</ref></mentioned> (‘to harden, congeal, freeze’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkuz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkijôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkijanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkų, -jatō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkijanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkijōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkijas, starkīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkijaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkijas, starkīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkijaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkijaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkijammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkijaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkijaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkijanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>starkijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>starkijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>starkijaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkijaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkijanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkijô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkijanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkijōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkijanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkijammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>starkijammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>starkijōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>starkijammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stark</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>starc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>starc, sterc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>stèrk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stark</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>starc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>starc, sterc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>sterk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Indonesian</lang>
                          <orth>ster</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>stèrki</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stark</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>starc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>starc, sterc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>sterk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>stark, sterk</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Virgin Islands Creole</lang>
                            <orth>sterek</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stark</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>starc, stearc, *stierc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stark, sterk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>stark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>stark, sterk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stark</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>sterk, stark, steric</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stäärk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>sterk, sturk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stark</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>starah, starch, starc, stark</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>starc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>stark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>staark</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>שטאַרק (shtark)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stark</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stark, *sterk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stark, sterk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>sterk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>stoakj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>starkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stærk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>stark</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>sterkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>starkar, starkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sterkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>stark</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>starkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>sterk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>sterk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>starkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>starker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stark</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sterkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stærk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>stark</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>sterkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>starkar, starkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>sterkur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>stark</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sterkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>sterk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>sterk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>sterkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>starker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stark</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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