<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stauraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stauraz_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_stauros" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>σταυρός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>staurós</orth>
          </form>
          <def>pale, stake</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*steh₂-</orth>
          <def>to stand (up)</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_u_ro_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*steh₂-u-ró-s</orth>
          <def>pole</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_instauro" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>īnstaurō</orth>
          <def>to set up, erect</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stauraz_1" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stauraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stauraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑu̯.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᚢᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>stake</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>rod, pole</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_u_ro_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_u_ro_s">*steh₂-u-ró-s</ref></mentioned> (‘pole’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_steh2_x2">*steh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to stand’). Compare, in particular, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_stauros"><ref target="#cog_grc_stauros">σταυρός</ref></mentioned> (staurós, ‘pale, stake’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_instauro"><ref target="#cog_lat_instauro">īnstaurō</ref></mentioned> (‘to set up, erect’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>stauraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>staurōz, staurōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>staurą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>stauranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>stauras, stauris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>staurǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>staurai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>stauramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>staurō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>stauramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>staur</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>staurōz, staurōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>stūr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>staurr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stør</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>steyrur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>staur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>staur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>staur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>staurr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>stoure</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>stour</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>staurr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stūr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stör</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*sapra</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
