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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stautaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stautaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_tewd" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)tewd-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stautana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stautaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stautaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑu̯.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᚢᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7b</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to push, to bump, to jolt</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *stówd-e-ti, an o-grade intensive formation from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_tewd"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_tewd">*(s)tewd-</ref></mentioned> (‘to push, hit’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stautō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stautaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stautai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stautizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stautaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>staut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stautazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stautaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stautidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stautai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stautadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stautadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stautaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stautōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stautaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stautadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stautaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stautadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stautamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stautaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stautandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stautaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stautid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stautaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stautid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stautandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stautaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stautandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stautain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stautandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stautandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stautaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stestaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stestautį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stestaust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stestautīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stestaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stestautī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stestautū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stestautīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stestautudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stestautīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stestautum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stestautīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stestautud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stestautīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stestautun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stestautīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>stautandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stautanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>stautaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stôten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>stoeate</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stôten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stoten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>stoot</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*stēatan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>steten</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stēta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stiete</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stete, steete</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stjitte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stōzan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stōzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>stoßen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                        <orth>stose</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>stoussen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polish</lang>
                        <orth>stosować</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stautan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stōtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stôten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>stöten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽 (stautan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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