<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *staþulaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_staþulaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stathulaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/staþulaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>staþulaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstɑ.θu.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚨᚦᚢᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>position, standing</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>support, frame, rack</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *sth₂-, from *steh₂- (‘to stand’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>staþulaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>staþulōz, staþulōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>staþulą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>staþulanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>staþulas, staþulis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>staþulǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>staþulai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>staþulamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>staþulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>staþulamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>staþul</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>staþulōz, staþulōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*staþul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stathal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stādel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>staal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*staþul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>staþul, staþol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stathel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>staddle</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>stathel, stassel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*staþul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stathul, stāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Staal</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>steal</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*staþul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stadal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stadel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Stadel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*staþul</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stathal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stadel, stāle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stǫðull</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stöðull</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
