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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stelaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stelaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_psten" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*pstḗn</orth>
          <def>breast</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tsel" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*tsel-</orth>
          <def>to sneak</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_tsar" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>त्सर्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>tsar</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stelana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stelaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stelaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈste.lɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᛖᛚᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to steal</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to sneak</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">According to Kroonen &amp; (Lubotsky 2009), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tsel"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tsel">*tsel-</ref></mentioned> (‘to sneak’) (compare e.g. Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_tsar"><ref target="#cog_san_tsar">त्सर्</ref></mentioned> (tsar), Shughni сӗрт (‘to steal, sneak’), Old Armenian սողիմ (sołim, ‘to creep, to steal’)). The supposed metathesis *ts &gt; *st has no exact parallels, but a similar development appears in *spenô (‘nipple’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_psten"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_psten">*pstḗn</ref></mentioned> (‘breast’). Numerous other etymologies with semantic or phonetic difficulties have been earlier proposed as well.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stelō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stelaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stelai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stilizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stelaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stel</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stelazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stelaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stilidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stelai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>steladau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>steladai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stelaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stelōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stelaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>steladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stelaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>steladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stelamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stelaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stelandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stelaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stilid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stelaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stilid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stelandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stelaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stelandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stelain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stelandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stelandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stelaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stēlį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stalt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stēlīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stēlī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stēlū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stēlīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stēludiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stēlīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stēlum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stēlīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stēlud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stēlīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stēlun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stēlīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>stelandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stulanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>stelaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stēlen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>staele</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stēlen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stelen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>steel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>stelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>stelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>steal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stela</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stelle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stelen, steln</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>stäihn, stöhln, stöhn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>stielen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stelen, steln</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>stehlen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>ŝteli</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stelan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>stelan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stēlen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>stehlen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stela</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>stjälå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stjala</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>stjäle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stela</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>stjæła</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>stela, stele</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stela</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stælæ, stialæ, stiælæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>stjæla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stela</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stælæ, stialæ, stiælæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>stjæle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>stjele</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stela</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stiæla, stæla, stiala</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stjäla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stjala</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>stjälå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stjala</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>stjäle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stela</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>stjæła</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>stela, stele</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stjala</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stælæ, stialæ, stiælæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>stjæla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stjala</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stælæ, stialæ, stiælæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>stjæle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>stjele</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stjala</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stiæla, stæla, stiala</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>stjäla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌽 (stilan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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