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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stenaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stenaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_tono" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>tonō</orth>
          <def>to thunder</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_tenh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)tenh₂-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stenana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stenaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stenaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈste.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᛖᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 4</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sigh, groan</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_tenh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_tenh2">*(s)tenh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to crash, sound, thunder, roar, moan’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_tono"><ref target="#cog_lat_tono">tonō</ref></mentioned> (‘to thunder’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stenō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stenaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stenai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stinizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stenaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sten</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stenazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stenaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stinidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stenai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stenadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stenadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stenaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stenōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stenaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stenadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stenaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stenadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stenamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stenaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stenandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stenaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stinid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stenaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stinid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stenandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stenaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stenandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stenain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stenandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stenandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stenaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stan</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stēnį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stant</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stēnīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stan</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stēnī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stēnū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stēnīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stēnudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stēnīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stēnum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stēnīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stēnud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stēnīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stēnun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stēnīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>stenandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stunanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>stenaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stenan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>stenan, stinan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stenan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stenan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stēnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stenen, steunen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stenan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stenan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stēnen, stȫnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>stöhnen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stenan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stenan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stēnen, stȫnen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>stenen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>stöhnen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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