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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *steubaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_steubaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_stuphelizo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>στυφελίζω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>stuphelízō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to strike hard, dash, beat, drive away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_tupho" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>τῡ́φω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>tū́phō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to smoke</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰewbʰ-</orth>
          <def>hazy, unclear, dark; deep</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_dhewh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*dʰewh₂-</orth>
          <def>smoke, mist, haze</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_stewbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*stewbʰ-</orth>
          <def>to drive about</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tsewbh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*tsewbʰ-</orth>
          <def>to fly about</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_siaubti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>siaũbti</orth>
          <def>to dash about</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_steubana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/steubaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>steubaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈsteu̯.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᛖᚢᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to fly or whirl about</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to fume; smoke; smolder</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewbh">*dʰewbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to whisk, smoke, obscure’), which may be an extension of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_dhewh2">*dʰewh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to whirl, waft, stink, shake; steam, haze, smoke’), and compared with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_tupho"><ref target="#cog_grc_tupho">τῡ́φω</ref></mentioned> (tū́phō, ‘to smoke’) (though Orel is skeptical of this derivation). Other theories include derivation from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stewbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stewbh">*stewbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to drive about’), and comparison with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_stuphelizo"><ref target="#cog_grc_stuphelizo">στυφελίζω</ref></mentioned> (stuphelízō, ‘to strike hard, dash, beat, drive away’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">However, Kroonen prefers to derive the word from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tsewbh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tsewbh">*tsewbʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to fly about’), with the same metathesis from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic as seen in *stelaną (‘to steal’), and compares Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_siaubti"><ref target="#cog_lit_siaubti">siaũbti</ref></mentioned> (‘to dash about’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>steubō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>steubaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>steubai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stiubizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>steubaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>steub</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>steubazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>steubaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stiubidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>steubai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>steubadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>steubadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>steubaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>steubōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>steubaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>steubadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>steubaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>steubadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>steubamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>steubaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>steubandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>steubaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stiubid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>steubaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stiubid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>steubandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>steubaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>steubandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>steubain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>steubandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>steubandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>steubaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>staub</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stubį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stauft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stubīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>staub</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stubī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stubū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stubīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stubudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stubīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stubum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stubīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stubud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stubīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stubun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stubīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>steubandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stubanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>steubaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*steuban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*stūvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stuven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>stuiven</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>stuif, stuiwe</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*steuban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*stūva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stuuwe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stowe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*steuban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stioban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stieben, stiuben</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>stieben</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*steuban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stiovan, *stūvan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stûven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>stuven</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
