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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stinganą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stinganą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_stakhus" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>στᾰ́χῡς</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>stắkhūs</orth>
          </form>
          <def>ear of grain</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_stengh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*stengʰ-</orth>
          <def>to be stiff, sting; rod, blade</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stingana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stinganą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stinganą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstiŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᛁᚾᚷᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to stick out; protrude</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to sting</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stengh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_stengh">*stengʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to be stiff, sting; rod, blade’), and compared with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_stakhus"><ref target="#cog_grc_stakhus">στᾰ́χῡς</ref></mentioned> (stắkhūs, ‘ear of grain’) (&lt; *stngʰ-u-s). However, a substrate origin for the Greek is quite possible, based on the variant ἄστᾰχῠς (ástăkhŭs, ‘ear of corn; bandage’), which would render the Germanic without outside cognates.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stingō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stingaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stingai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stingizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stingaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>sting</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stingazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stingaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stingidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stingai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stingadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stingadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stingaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stingōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stingaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stingadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stingaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stingadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stingamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stingaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stingandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stingaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stingid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stingaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stingid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stingandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stingaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stingandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stingain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stingandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stingandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stingaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stungį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stanht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stungīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stang</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stungī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stungū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stungīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stungudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stungīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stungum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stungīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stungud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stungīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stungun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stungīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>stingandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stunganaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>stinganą</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stingan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stingan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>stingan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>styngen, sting, stinge, stingen, styng, stynge, styngge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>sting</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>sting</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stinga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stinga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stinga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>stinga</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stinga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stinga</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stinge</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>stinge</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌿𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (usstaggan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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