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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *stiurijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-03"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_stiurijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_stiurijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/stiurijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>stiurijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstiu̯.ri.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᛁᚢᚱᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to direct, steer</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *steurō, *stiurijō (‘steering, rudder’) + *-janą. The first element is of uncertain origin:</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stiurīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stiurī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stiurīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stiurijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stiurijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>stiurijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stiurijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stiurijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>stiurijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stiurīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stiurīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stiurijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stiuridǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>stiuridēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stiuridēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>stiuridēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stiuridē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>stiuridēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>stiuridēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>stiuridēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>stiuridēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>stiuridēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stiuridēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>stiuridēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stiuridēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>stiuridēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stiuridēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>stiuridēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>stiurijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>stiuridaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>stiurijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stiurijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stiuren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sturen, stieren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>stieren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stiurijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stiuren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>sturen, stieren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>sturen, besturen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>bestuur</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stiurijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>stīeran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>steren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>steer, besteer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>stere, steir</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stiurijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>stiūra, stiōra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stjuure, stjúurje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>stjoere</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stiurijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>stiuren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>stiuren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>steuern</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*stiurijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*stiurian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stûren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>stüren</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>stieren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stýra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>styra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>stýra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>stöire</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>stýra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>støra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>styra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stýra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stȳræ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>ýra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stýra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stȳræ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>styre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>styre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>stýra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>stȳra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>styra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌿𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (stiurjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
