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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *strangaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_strangaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ster" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ster-</orth>
          <def>infertile</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_strengh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*strengʰ-</orth>
          <def>pulled tight, straight, constricted</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_strangs" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>strangs</orth>
          <def>brave, brisk, fresh</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_strangaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/strangaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>strangaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈstrɑŋ.ɡɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛊᛏᚱᚨᚾᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>tight, strict, straight</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>strong</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *strongʰos, an adjective formed from the strong verb *stringaną, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_strengh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_strengh">*strengʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘pulled tight, straight, constricted’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ster"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ster">*ster-</ref></mentioned> (‘stiff, rigid’). Cognate with Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_strangs"><ref target="#cog_lav_strangs">strangs</ref></mentioned> (‘brave, brisk, fresh’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>strangaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>strangą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>strangai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>strangō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>stranganǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>strangą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>stranganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>strangō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>strangas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>strangas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>strangaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>strangaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>strangammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>strangammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>strangaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>strangaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>stranganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>stranganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>strangaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>strangaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>strangaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>strangô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>strangô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>stranganiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>strangōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>stranganų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>strangô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>stranganunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>strangōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>stranginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>stranginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>stranganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>stranganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>strangini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>strangini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>strangammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>strangammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>stranginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>stranginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>strangammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>strangōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>strangammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strang</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stranc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stranc, strange</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>strang</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>strang</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strang</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>strang, strong</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>strong, stronge, stronke, stron, strange, straunge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>strong, string</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>strang</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>straung</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strang</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*strang, streng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>strang</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>string</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strang</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>strangi, strengi, strang</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>strenge, strange</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>streng</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strang</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>strang</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stranc, strenge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>streng</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>stranc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>stranc, strange</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>strang</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>strang</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>strang, strong</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>strong, stronge, stronke, stron, strange, straunge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>strong, string</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>strang</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>straung</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*strang, streng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>strang</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>string</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>strangi, strengi, strang</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>strenge, strange</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>streng</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*strangī</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>strang</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>stranc, strenge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>streng</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>strangr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>stræng, streng</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>strangur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>strangur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>strangr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>strænger, stranger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>sträng, strång, strang</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*rankka</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
